Ratio analysis Essay Example for Free

Ratio analysis Essay Ratio analysis is a tool brought by individuals used to evaluate analysis of information in the financial statements of a business. The ratio analysis forms an essential part of the financial analysis which is a vital part in the business planning. There are 3 different ways of assessing businesses performance and these are: solvency, profitability and performance. Ratio analysis assists managers to work out the production of the company by figuring the profitability ratios. Also, the management can evaluate their revenues to check if their productivity. Thus, probability ratios are helpful to the company in evaluating its performance based on current earning. By measuring the solvency ratio, the companies are able to keep an eye on the correlation between the assets and the liabilities. If, in any case, the liabilities exceed the assets, the company is able to know its financial position. This is helpful in case they wish to set up a plan for loan repayment. Ratio analysis is also helpful in analysing the performance of a company. Through financial analysis, companies can review their performance in the past years. This is also helpful in identifying their weaknesses and improving on them. Polish Fine Foods needs to use ratio analysis because it is a valuable tool for the business’s management to determine the performance of a business and to control the cost measures when necessary. Also, ratio analysis helps them monitor and identify issues that can be highlighted and resolved. However, ratio analysis doesn’t take into account external factors such as a worldwide recession. Measuring the Solvency of Polish Fine Foods Now, I will use 2 rations to measure the solvency of Polish Fine Foods. First, I will calculate the current ratio for Polish Fine Foods. This estimates whether the business can pay debts due within one year from assets that it expects to turn into cash within that year. It is measured dividing current assets by the current liabilities. By looking at balance sheet I can see that Polish Fine Food’s current asset value is  £28500 and the current liability value is  £17000. I will need to divide  £28500 by  £17000 to find out the current ratio. This would give me an answer of  £1.7. This means that for each  £1 owned they have  £1.70 current asset. The figure should normally not fall below 1.5. If it reaches a value of 1 then there might be concerns  there about not being able to meet the debts of the short-term assets. However, we can see that Polish Fine Food’s current ratio tells us that this is a solvent business. This means that it is able to settle its debts when they are due to be paid. If the business is not solvent, then it means that it can’t do this. Being solvent would help the business to maintain their confidence. On the other hand, if the current ratio goes higher than 2 might indicate that too much finance is tied up in a short-term assets, which can result that not too much money are being used within the organisation. Secondly, I will measure the acid test. This is the same as the current ratio; however it is a harsher test of ability to settle short-term debts. It is more accurate as it takes away the stock and shows how well a business can meet its current liabilities. To find out the acid test I first need to subtract stock from the current assets and then divide the current liabilities by the answer of that. So Polish Fine Food’s amount of stock is  £8500 from the current assets which is  £28500. The answer of the subtraction is  £20000. Now I would need to divide the answer by the current liability which is  £17000 which would give me the final acid test ratio of  £1.20. This calculation removes the uncertain variable of stock, which might be not too important to the business. Similarly, this data shows us that Polish Fine Foods is a solvent business and it has the ability to meet its short-term debts. The business could continue to operate as it is currently looking to be successful. With the current ratio of  £1.70 and the acid test of  £1.20 Polish Fine Foods is a stable business. It is a healthy figure and shows that the business is in a good position. We can see that  £0.50 was tied up in stock and this is not a lot. Both rations show that the business is able to pay for its debts and they can also earn more income which means that the business would gave more profit as the business is solvent. Measuring the Profitability of Polish Fine Foods Profitability ratios show a companys overall efficiency and performance. To measure the profitability of Polish Fine Foods I will use 3 ratios. First ratio is gross profit margin. The gross profit margin looks at cost of goods sold as a percentage of sales. This ratio looks at how well a company controls the cost of its account and the manufacturing of its products. The larger the gross profit margin, the better for the company. To calculate the  gross profit margin I need to divide the gross profit by the sales and then time it by 100 to find the percentage. So, to find the gross profit margin for Polish Fine Foods I have to divide  £45900 by  £145400 and this would give me the answer  £0.3156. To find out the percentage, I now need to multiply it by 100 and the answer is 32%. The gross profit margin for Polish Fine Foods is used to compare how much value is added to an item in between being bought in as stock or materials and being sold by the business. A low gross profit margin could show that there are high stock costs or maybe that retail price is being too low. If the business has a high gross profit margin then it indicates that the business is financial stable. We can see that Polish Fine Foods doesn’t have a high gross profit margin- it is a bit more than a quarter. This means that the business is in a secure position. They could be more successful if they are going to try and sell all the stock they have first instead of getting other, so in this way the profit might increase. Next ratio that I’m going to use in order to measure the profitability of Polish Fine Foods is net profit margin. The net profit margin shows how much of each sales amount shows up as net income after all expenses are paid. The net profit margin measures profitability after consideration of all expenses including taxes, interest, and depreciation. To calculate the net profit margin I need to divide the net profit by the sales and then mul tiply by 100. Therefore, to find the net profit margin for Polish Fine Foods I need to divide  £14500 by  £145400 and this would give me an answer of  £0.0997. So after multiplying the answer by 100, I got 10% which shows the amount of net profit margin. This ratio is used to decide which of a range of products are worth continuing with. A low net profit margin might indicate that costs are too high. Polish Fine Foods’ net profit margin is quite low, so they could try to improve this by trying to sell the stocks first and then get other instead of buying lots of them at once which would get more money out. At the moment, the business is in a stable position, but they should try and reduce their costs in order to increase the profit they’re making. Lastly, I would use return on capital employed (ROCE) ratio to measure Polish Fine Foods’ profitability. This is the percentage return which makes the business able to generate the long-term capital employed. To calculate ROC, I need to divide the net profit by the capital employed and then multiply it by 100. Therefore, to fine the ROCE  for Polish Fine Foods I need to divide their net profit which is  £14500 by the capital employed which is  £24500; this will then give an answer of 0.591, and then multiply that by 100. The final answer for ROCE is 60%. This ratio has been used to show how efficiently a business is using its capital. The ROCE shows us now that Polish Fine Foods is doing well at the moment and they are using their money carefully. Polish Fine Foods overall has good ratios that currently keep them stable. Basically, all these ratios show the amount of profit generated by the company as a per cent of the sales generated. The objective of margin analysis is to detect consistency or positive or negative trends in a companys earnings. Polish Fine Foods is doing well, and looks like it is a stable business. However, there is still place for improvement, e.g they could try and reduce their costs and increase their profits. Measuring the Performance of Polish Fine Foods A growing business needs to be closely and carefully managed to ensure the success of new investment and expanding plans. Putting performance measurements in place can be an important way of keeping track on the progress of their business. It gives vital information about whats happening now and it also provides the starting point for setting targets that will help owner apply their plans for growth. Now I will measure the performance of Polish Fine Foods using 3 ratios. First ration is stock turnover. This measures how long stock is being held before it is replaced. To calculate stock turnover ratio I need to divide average stock by cost of sales and the multiply it by 365 days. To find Polish Fine Foods’ stock turnover I need to find the average stock first. The opening stock is  £5250 and the closing stock is  £8500. By adding them two and then divide it by 2, it would give me the average stock which is  £6875. Then I need to divide  £6875 by the cost of sales  £99500 and it would give me the answer of 0.06909547738. Then if I will multiply it by 365 it would give me the answer 25 days which is the average number of says the stocks are being held before being replaced. If the stock goes out of date and this could happen to Polish Fine Foods as their selling food, stock should be held for a shorter period of time. It is a disadvantage to the business if they held stock for a long period of time because it can be expensive and the stock can deteriorate in value. However, a high turnover of stock can be seen as an  indicator of a stable business. Polish Fine Foods has a low stock turnover, and this might be because it is a sole trader and it has been opened up recently. Polish Fine Foods can run successfully as they are able to sell their stock in less time than a month which means that the products don’t go out of date by the time they replace the stock. Next ratio I’m goi ng to use is debtor collection period. This measures how long debtors take to pay. To calculate debt collection period for Polish Fine Foods I need to divide  £18000 which is debtors by  £145400 being the sales and multiply the answer by 365 days. This gives me the answer 45 days, on average. It means that it takes 45 days for the debtors to pay the business. Other businesses allow the debtors 90 days until they pay the money. For Polish Fine Foods it only takes 45 days which means that is less time, so they won’t face any financial problems, struggling to get money from the debtors in order to buy some stock. This ratio shows that the business is performing well as they don’t face any cash shortage which would slow the business down. The last ratio I’m going to use in order to measure the performance of Polish Fine Foods is asset turnover. It measures how high the level of sales are in relation to the assets of the business. To calculate the asset turnover I have to divide the amount of sales by the assets. For Polish Fine Foods the sales amount is  £145300 and the assets value is  £24500. By dividing them two it would give me the answer of  £6. This shows that the business earns approximately  £6 in sales for every  £1. Knowing all this measurement is very important for the business owner because they can see how they are performing in different areas. Conclusion This report was written to illustrate the financial state of Polish Fine Foods. So I used accounting rations as evidence to measure its solvency, profitability and performance. First of all, I found out that Polish Fine Foods’s current ratio is 1.70. Another ratio I used is the acid test which gave me an answer of 1.20. This is the same as the current ratio; however it is a harsher test of ability to settle short-term debts. These ratios tell us that this is a solvent business. This means that it is able to settle its debts when they are due to be paid. If the business is not solvent, then it means that it can’t do this. Being solvent helps the business to maintain their confidence and make it operate more successfully. Another set of 3  ratios that show us the profitability of Polish Fine Foods are: gross profit margin which was 31.56%, net profit margin being 10%, then ROCE which is 60%. All these ratios show how well the business is running. Also, whether they are making any money and how profitable it is compared with other competitors. From all these ratios, I have found out that Polish Fine Foods is doing well at the moment. They are making enough profit to keep their business going, as they didn’t make any loss. Lastly, I measured the performance of Polish Fine Foods using 3 ratios: stock turnover which was  £6875; then it was debt collection period which was 45 days on average, and then the asset turnover which was  £6. Each of these ratios measure different segments of a companys overall performance. These ratios look at how efficiently and effectively Polish Fine Foods is using its resources to generate sales and increase profit. This is important for the business because Ania can notice any unusual fluctuations in the financial ratios over time and can see how the business is performing. This could also help Ania decide whether or not to grow her business and turn it into a LTD as it would give her enough information to see if she is financial stable to do so.

Essay on Appearance vs Reality in Everyday Use and The Gilded Six-Bits

Appearance versus Reality in Alice Walker's and Zora Neale Hurston's Everyday Use and The Gilded Six-Bits  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   In "The Gilded Six-Bits" it appears that Otis D. Slemmons, the towns newest arrival, is rich, but by closer inspection by Joe Banks and Missie May, is found to be poor.   In "Everyday Use," Maggie doesn't appear to be smart enough to honor and appreciate her heritage, but she and not Dee/Wangero is really preserving the family traditions as well as heritage.   Both "The Gilded Six-Bits" by Zora Neale Hurston and "Everyday Use" by Alice Walker have the theme of appearance and reality.    Hurston and Walker use the theme of appearance versus reality to convey the message that things aren't always as simple as the outward appearances suggest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The theme of appearance and reality is seen in "The Gilded Six-Bits" upon our first meeting Joe Banks and Missie May.   Even out first glimpse into their lives, we don't know they are married. It seems they are only dating.   Lillie P. Howard, author of the book Zora Neale Hurston, states, "The Gilded Six-Bits is the story of a beautiful marriage beset by difficulties, of trials and successes, of appearances and reality" (151). Joe admired Slemmons.   He says, "Yeah, he's up to date.   He got de finest clothes Ah ever seen on a colored man's back" (2089). Joe also admired Slemmons coins "He's got a five-dollar gold piece for a stick pin and he got a ten-dollar gold piece on his watch chain and his mouf is jes' crammed full of gold teethes.   Sho wisht it wuz mine" (2089-90). Slemmons gave the impression to Joe and the rest of the town that he had lots of money and expensive jewelry. Joe wants the possessions that Slemmons has, and Mis sie wants him to have them too.   Ã‚  Ã‚  ... ...ity, v. XXI, no. 3, Summer, 1985.   Short Story Criticism. Ed. Thomas Votteler, v. 5.   Detroit, MI: Gale Research Co., 1990.   Baym, Nina, ed. The Norton Anthology of American Literature.   Shorter fifth edition.  New York: Norton, 1999.   Hurston, Zora Neale.   "The Gilded Six-Bits" Baym 2087-2095.   Walker, Alice.   "Everyday Use" Baym 2522-2528.   Bone, Robert.   "Three Versions of Pastoral" in his Down House: Origins of the Afro-American Short Story, Columbia University Press, 1988.   Short Story Criticism. Fowler, Carolyn. "Solid at the Core," in Freedom Ways, v 14, no. 1, first quarter, 1974.  Short Story Criticism. Ed. Thomas Votteler, v. 5.   Detroit, MI: Gale Research Co., 1990.    Howard, Lillie P.   Zora Neale Hurston.   New York: Twayne Publishers, 1980.    Winchell, Donna Haisty.   Alice Walker.   New York: Twayne Publishers, 1992.    Essay on Appearance vs Reality in Everyday Use and The Gilded Six-Bits Appearance versus Reality in Alice Walker's and Zora Neale Hurston's Everyday Use and The Gilded Six-Bits  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   In "The Gilded Six-Bits" it appears that Otis D. Slemmons, the towns newest arrival, is rich, but by closer inspection by Joe Banks and Missie May, is found to be poor.   In "Everyday Use," Maggie doesn't appear to be smart enough to honor and appreciate her heritage, but she and not Dee/Wangero is really preserving the family traditions as well as heritage.   Both "The Gilded Six-Bits" by Zora Neale Hurston and "Everyday Use" by Alice Walker have the theme of appearance and reality.    Hurston and Walker use the theme of appearance versus reality to convey the message that things aren't always as simple as the outward appearances suggest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The theme of appearance and reality is seen in "The Gilded Six-Bits" upon our first meeting Joe Banks and Missie May.   Even out first glimpse into their lives, we don't know they are married. It seems they are only dating.   Lillie P. Howard, author of the book Zora Neale Hurston, states, "The Gilded Six-Bits is the story of a beautiful marriage beset by difficulties, of trials and successes, of appearances and reality" (151). Joe admired Slemmons.   He says, "Yeah, he's up to date.   He got de finest clothes Ah ever seen on a colored man's back" (2089). Joe also admired Slemmons coins "He's got a five-dollar gold piece for a stick pin and he got a ten-dollar gold piece on his watch chain and his mouf is jes' crammed full of gold teethes.   Sho wisht it wuz mine" (2089-90). Slemmons gave the impression to Joe and the rest of the town that he had lots of money and expensive jewelry. Joe wants the possessions that Slemmons has, and Mis sie wants him to have them too.   Ã‚  Ã‚  ... ...ity, v. XXI, no. 3, Summer, 1985.   Short Story Criticism. Ed. Thomas Votteler, v. 5.   Detroit, MI: Gale Research Co., 1990.   Baym, Nina, ed. The Norton Anthology of American Literature.   Shorter fifth edition.  New York: Norton, 1999.   Hurston, Zora Neale.   "The Gilded Six-Bits" Baym 2087-2095.   Walker, Alice.   "Everyday Use" Baym 2522-2528.   Bone, Robert.   "Three Versions of Pastoral" in his Down House: Origins of the Afro-American Short Story, Columbia University Press, 1988.   Short Story Criticism. Fowler, Carolyn. "Solid at the Core," in Freedom Ways, v 14, no. 1, first quarter, 1974.  Short Story Criticism. Ed. Thomas Votteler, v. 5.   Detroit, MI: Gale Research Co., 1990.    Howard, Lillie P.   Zora Neale Hurston.   New York: Twayne Publishers, 1980.    Winchell, Donna Haisty.   Alice Walker.   New York: Twayne Publishers, 1992.   

Fiction †Love Essay

The two literary works that I have chosen were â€Å"Country Lovers† and â€Å"What It’s like to be a Black Girl†, to me they share the same theme of Race and Ethnicity. Country Lovers was a really good short story that described lovers of the country. What it’s like to be a Black Girl was a short poem that talked about the background of race and the dilemma of ethnicity. To me the poem and the short story both talked about race and ethnicity, they were both represented and distinguished by the black female. She was considered as the main character in both poems. After reading the short story Country Lovers and the poem, What It’s Like to Be a Black Girl I concluded that they were using the same theme like race or ethnicity. The short story and poem were briefly explained, and the two literary works were based on a black female. The short story Country Lovers written by Nadine Gordimer in 1975 happened on a South African farm, I found this story to be very heartfelt; about true love between Thebedi and Paulus. Thebedi was a black girl who worked on a farm, and Paulus was a young white boy in South Africa. Paulus was the son of a farm owner, and once I read the story it was evident that the theme was about the interracial problems and relationships. The Story was based on love, which is something I loved about the story. The main characters were Thebedi and Paulus, as they grew they started spending more time together. Something that stood put to me was that Paulus was the son Thebedi’s farm owner. Thebedi’s father was the servant of the owner of the farm Mr. Eysendyck’s, so Thebedi had grown up as a farm girl working as a servant for Paulus father. When Paulus was about twelve or thirteen he wanted to go off to school for higher studies, so they will be separated. This story mainly describes their interracial relationships, the innocent love they share for each other, and the gifts they shared. Later on in the story the narrator clearly explained about the couples break ups, that takes place when it comes to the side of education. Later on in the story Thebedi became pregnant, Paulus did not know she was pregnant. She told her friends in the carol that she has a boyfriend or a sweetheart in the farm, and nobody knew about it. Thrbedi’s friends teased but admired her, the story also talks about another boy named Njabulo who liked her and wanted to buy her a belt and some earrings. The word love in this short story to me was considered to be lust; lust played a great role in the story. Lust takes over as described here when Paulus has no regards, the story talks about how he gets into water with other girls. â€Å"The schoolgirls he went swimming with at dams or pools on neighboring farms wore bikinis but the sight of their dazzling bellies and thighs in the sunlight had never made him feel what he felt now when the girl came up the bank and sat beside him, the drops of water beading off her dark legs the only points of light in the earth smelling deep shade. They were not afraid of one another, they had known one another always; he did with her what he had done that time in the storeroom at the wedding, and this time it was so lovely, so lovely, he was surprised and she was surprised by it too, he could see in her dark face that was part of the shade, with her big dark eyes, shiny as soft water, watching him attentively: as she had when they used to huddle over their teams of mud oxen, as she had when he told her about detention weekends at school. † (Clugston, 2010). The racial and ethical dilemma occurrence also becomes a noticeable factor as we read further into this short story; Paulus Eysendyck arrives home from the veterinary college he was attending for the holidays. Upon drinking a glass of fresh milk in his mother’s kitchen he over hears a conversation between the servants in the house say â€Å"where they could get a reliable substitute to help out now that the girl Thebedi had a baby† he became shocked and had to find out the truth immediately for himself, so he goes to Thrbedi’s hut by the kraal to see for himself and also a place he had never been since he was a small boy. When he reaches the hut and see’s the baby first hand â€Å"He struggled for a moment with a grimace of tears, anger, and self-pity. She could not put out her hand to him. He said, â€Å"You haven’t been near the house with it? â€Å"’ (Clugston, 2010). So now in this part of the story we can truly see that it is illustrated, that the truth is and was a racial and ethical dilemma. Back then it was forbidden to have a mixed child, being of black and white ethical backgrounds. Paulus also has thoughts of killing himself and his certain reactions, his tone and choice of words reflect on racial dilemma, they both smelled trouble brewing in the air . Their forbidden relationship shows how he knew that such thing was not tolerated in his community; it was unacceptable in this ethical society. References Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey into literature. San Diego, California: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

Essay on Income Inequality and the Effect on Gender Diversity

In the workplace, there are multiple races of people: Asians, Latinos, African-American. This is known as racial diversity. Within these races are both women and men. This is known as gender diversity. Diversity is a common goal that employers strive for. There are many types of diversity in the workplace such as racial diversity, age diversity, and diversity involving skills. This range of people, age and skill make the workplace a more interesting place as people work with different intentions. The most common intention to work within people is money. If a woman and male employee are working the same job for the same time, it would seem fair that women and men would earn the same amount. However, this is not the case. Women, working†¦show more content†¦The â€Å"gender wage gap† is not a minor problem. It is a much bigger problem. President Obama mentions the issue of the â€Å"gender gap† in his State of the Union Address. To introduce his topic, President Obama declares â€Å"Today, women make up about half our workforce. But they still make 77 cents for every dollar a man earns.† (State of the Union Address). President Obama testifies that gender wage gaps are still visible in 2014 and how it is disappointing (State of the Union Address). Why is this disappointing to President Obama? It may be because it is has been over three decades since women have been working. They should be making the same amount of money as men. Yet, women are not paid equally than men. According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, a woman makes an average of 80 cents for every dollar a man makes (Labor Statistics). Furthermore, a table, arranged by the Information Please Database, shows that in 1960, the average ratio was 60.7 cents to one dollar a man makes. There was an improvement of an average 19.3 cents over the course of fifty years (Information Please Database). In 1960, some women worked as teachers or nurses as jobs were separated by gender. These women were paid less than the men who did more labor-consuming work. If compared to 2014, women have more opportunities in the workforce as they make up half our workforce. Nonetheless, both situations have a similar aspect: income inequality. Equality is crucial to haveShow MoreRelatedIs Diversity Is The Great Issue Of Our Time ( Macdeo, 2000, P.1 ) Essay887 Words   |  4 PagesTHEORITICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE RESEARCH: â€Å"Diversity is the great issue of our time (Macdeo, 2000, p.1).† The U.S. is one the most diverse countries in the world. One side diversity is an asset for any country and on the other side, it is a challenge to convert diversity into a demographic advantage. As like India, the U.S. also has inequalities and exclusion on racial and ethnic identities. Though, by law discrimination based on racial or ethnic identities is prohibited in the Constitution. 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